Cost-effectiveness analysis of unsafe abortion and alternative first-trimester pregnancy termination strategies in Nigeria and Ghana

To explore the policy implications of increasing access to safe abortion in Nigeria and Ghana, we developed a computer-based decision analytic model which simulates induced abortion and its potential complications in a cohort of women, and comparatively assessed the cost-effectiveness of unsafe abortion and three first-trimester abortion modalities: hospital-based dilatation and curettage, hospital- and clinic-based manual vacuum aspiration (MVA), and medical abortion using misoprostol (MA). Assuming all modalities are equally available, clinic-based MVA is the most cost-effective option in Nigeria. If clinic-based MVA is not available, MA is the next best strategy. Conversely, in Ghana, MA is the most cost-effective strategy, followed by clinic-based MVA if MA is not available. From a real world policy perspective, increasing access to safe abortion in favor over unsafe abortion is the single most important factor in saving lives and societal costs, and is more influential than the actual choice of safe abortion modality (Afr. J. Reprod. Health 2010; 14[2]: 85-103)

Introducción de la anticoncepción de emergencia en la Norma Oficial Mexicana de Planificación Familiar (NOM-005-SSA2-1993) / Introducing Emergency Contraception in the Mexican Family Planning Official Norm

Objetivos: Entender el proceso de inclusión de las pastillas de anticoncepción de emergencia (PAE) en la Norma Oficial Mexicana de Planificación Familiar e identificar los factores que influyeron en este cambio. Material y métodos: Se realizaron entrevistas a profundidad con ocho tomadores de decisiones que ocupan cargos de alta jerarquía dentro de instituciones del gobierno estatal y federal. Resultados: El factor que determinó la inclusión de las PAE fue la extensa revisión de la evidencia científica que comprueba que no son abortivas, realizada por expertos del Centro Nacional de Equidad de Género y Salud Reproductiva. Además, el amplio apoyo de organizaciones civiles, la demanda de la población y la visión abierta del Secretario de Salud, contribuyeron de forma importante. La inclusión de las PAE en el cuadro básico de medicamentos fue vista como un paso lógico posterior a su inclusión en la Norma Oficial Mexicana. Conclusiones: La introducción de las PAE en México demuestra la importancia de la evidencia científica en la toma de decisiones. El proceso duró cerca de una década, lo cual refleja problemas en la traducción de los resultados de investigación en políticas públicas. Se deben tomar medidas para agilizar este proceso en beneficio de las mujeres y la sociedad en general.

OBJECTIVES: Understand the process of including Emergency Contraception (EC) in the Mexican Family Planning Norm (NOM) and identify factors that influenced this achievement. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted in-depth interviews with eight prominent decision-makers of state and federal government institutions. RESULTS: The determining factor for the inclusion of EC in the Norm was the external review of scientific evidence, done by experts from the National Centre for Equity of Gender and Reproductive Health, proving that EC pills are not abortifacients. Other important factors that contributed to the inclusion were the ample support of civil organizations, the population's demand and the Minister of Health's support of EC. The inclusion of EC in the essential drug list was perceived as a logical next step after its inclusion in the NOM. CONCLUSIONS: The introduction of EC in Mexico highlights the importance of scientific evidence for decision-making. The process took about a decade, which reflects the complexity of converting research results into public policies. Measures should be taken to speed the processes that benefit women and society as a whole.